Mastering Water Chemistry and Testing in Above Ground Swimming Pools

Maintaining an above ground swimming pool requires an understanding of water chemistry and somewhat frequent testing. To ensure your pool water remains crystal clear and safe for swimmers, it’s essential to dive deep into the intricacies of this subject.

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore every aspect of water chemistry and testing for above ground swimming pools, drawing on the expertise of well-established sources.

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I. The Fundamentals of Water Chemistry

Before delving into water testing, it’s crucial to grasp the fundamental principles of water chemistry that govern the equilibrium of your pool for the safety of your swimmers. The following factors play a pivotal role:

1.1. pH Levels

In the realm of swimming pool water chemistry, pH levels serve as the foundation upon which the comfort and safety of swimmers, as well as the durability of pool equipment, hinge. Understanding the significance of pH levels and how to manage them effectively is akin to mastering the conductor’s baton for a harmonious aquatic symphony.

The pH Scale: The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and it ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is considered neutral, while values below 7 are acidic, and values above 7 are alkaline. In the context of your swimming pool, you should maintain an optimal pH level between 7.2 and 7.8.

Comfort and Safety:

1. Swimmer Comfort: When pH levels are within this optimal range, swimmers experience maximum comfort. Water that is too acidic (below 7.2) can irritate the eyes, nose, and skin, and lead to discomfort, potentially discouraging pool use. Conversely, excessively alkaline water (above 7.8) can cause skin to feel slippery and may also lead to eye and skin irritation. Therefore, a well-maintained pH level contributes to a pleasant and enjoyable swimming experience.
2. Safety: Proper pH balance not only ensures comfort but also plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of your investment. In excessively acidic water, pool equipment and surfaces may corrode, leading to costly repairs and potential hazards. Conversely, excessively alkaline water can cause scale buildup on pool surfaces and equipment, reducing their efficiency and lifespan. A balanced pH level mitigates these risks and extends the longevity of your pool infrastructure.

Factors Affecting pH: Several factors can influence pH levels in your above ground pool:

• Bather Load: The number of swimmers and their activities can significantly influence the chemistry of your pool water, especially its pH levels. When swimmers enter the pool, they introduce a variety of organic compounds into the water through activities such as swimming, sunblock application, and even simple tasks like adjusting swim goggles.
  • These organic compounds may include body oils, sweat, urine, and lotions, all of which contain substances that can alter the pH of the pool water.
  • For example, sweat contains urea, which can raise pH levels, making the water more alkaline. Proper sanitation and filtration systems play a crucial role in counteracting these effects.
  • Chlorine, as a sanitizer, works to oxidize and neutralize organic compounds, while the pool’s filtration system helps remove particles and contaminants from the water.
  • Regularly monitoring and adjusting the pH levels of your pool is essential when it experiences fluctuations due to swimmers’ activities to ensure a comfortable and safe swimming environment.
• Rainfall: Rainwater is typically acidic, so heavy rainfall can lower the pool’s pH. Monitoring pH after significant rainfall is advisable.
• Chemical Additions: Chemical additions in the form of pool chemicals, notably chlorine, can have a significant impact on the pH levels of your swimming pool. The relationship between these chemicals and pH is crucial to comprehend for effective pool water maintenance.
  • Chlorine, which is commonly used to sanitize pool water and combat the growth of harmful microorganisms, can influence pH in various ways. For instance, when chlorine dissolves in water, it forms hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ions (OCl-). Hypochlorous acid is more prevalent in acidic conditions, while hypochlorite ions dominate in alkaline environments.
  • This means that adding chlorine to your pool can, over time, increase the pH, making the water more alkaline. Conversely, in a pool with low pH levels, chlorine can become more effective at sanitizing, but it can also lead to rapid pH fluctuations.
  • Therefore, understanding this intricate interplay between chlorine and pH is essential for maintaining a stable and comfortable swimming environment.
  • Regular monitoring and adjustment of both chlorine levels and pH are necessary to strike the right balance and ensure your above ground swimming pool remains a safe and enjoyable oasis.

Regular Testing and Adjustment: Maintaining pH balance is an ongoing process. Regularly testing your pool’s pH levels using a reliable pool testing kit, as mentioned earlier, is crucial. When pH levels deviate from the ideal range, adjustments are necessary. pH increasers are used to raise pH levels, while pH decreasers lower them.

Following the manufacturer’s instructions and being cautious with chemical additions are imperative for precise control.

1.2. Chlorine and Sanitizers

Chlorine has earned its place as the preeminent sanitizer in swimming pools due to its remarkable effectiveness in maintaining water quality and safety. Its history in pool sanitation dates back to the early 20th century when researchers and pool operators sought ways to combat waterborne diseases and ensure the well-being of swimmers.

Prior to the widespread use of chlorine, various methods were employed, including copper sulfate and even metallic silver. However, these methods were often inadequate in preventing disease outbreaks and maintaining water clarity. The discovery of chlorine’s powerful disinfectant properties revolutionized pool sanitation.

Chlorine, in the form of hypochlorous acid (a weak acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water), effectively destroys bacteria, viruses, and algae by disrupting their cellular structures and breaking down organic matter. Today, chlorine remains the go-to choice for pool sanitation, with options including chlorine tablets, liquid chlorine, and salt chlorinators. Its reliability and proven track record in safeguarding swimmers’ health and maintaining water quality make it an indispensable component of pool maintenance in the modern era.

Ideal Chlorine Levels:

Maintaining the ideal chlorine levels is pivotal for pool safety and water quality. The recommended chlorine levels for swimming pools typically fall within the range of 1.0 to 3.0 parts per million (ppm), although this range may vary depending on factors such as pool usage and environmental conditions.

• Too Little Chlorine: Inadequate chlorine levels can lead to unsanitary pool water, making it a breeding ground for harmful microorganisms. Swimmers are at risk of infections, and the pool water may become cloudy or develop algae.
• Too Much Chlorine: Conversely, an excess of chlorine can result in strong chemical odors, skin and eye irritation, and even bleaching of pool surfaces and swimwear. It’s crucial to maintain a delicate balance.

Different Forms of Chlorine:

Understanding the various forms of chlorine available for pool sanitization is essential for effective pool maintenance:

1. Liquid Chlorine: Also known as sodium hypochlorite, this is a liquid form of chlorine. It’s a fast-acting sanitizer but requires careful storage and handling due to its corrosive nature.
2. Chlorine Tablets: Chlorine tablets or sticks are a convenient option for many pool owners. They slowly dissolve in the water, providing a steady release of chlorine. However, they should be used with a floating chlorinator or an automatic feeder to prevent direct contact with pool surfaces.
3. Granular Chlorine: Granular chlorine is a quick-dissolving form that can be added directly to the pool. It’s ideal for shock treatments or addressing specific chlorination needs. I recommend Chlorox XtraBlue for shock-treating your pool.
4. Salt Chlorinators: Saltwater pools use a salt chlorinator to produce chlorine from salt dissolved in the water. While they offer a more mild and comfortable swimming experience, maintaining proper salt levels and the chlorinator itself is crucial.

Regular Monitoring and Maintenance:

To keep your pool water safe and comfortable, regular monitoring and maintenance of chlorine levels are essential. Here’s a simplified checklist:

• Test the chlorine levels using a reliable pool testing kit and adjust as needed.
• Shock your pool periodically to break down accumulated organic matter and maintain the effectiveness of chlorine.

• Keep pool equipment clean and well-maintained to ensure optimal circulation and distribution of chlorine.
• Monitor the pH level as well, as pH can affect the efficacy of chlorine.

1.3. Total Alkalinity (TA)

In the realm of swimming pool water chemistry, Total Alkalinity (TA) is an often-underappreciated hero. This section will delve into the pivotal role of TA in maintaining pH stability, enhancing water clarity, and elevating the overall comfort of swimmers in the context of your above ground swimming pool.

Understanding Total Alkalinity (TA):

Total Alkalinity (TA) represents the concentration of alkaline substances in your pool water. These substances act as a buffer, helping to stabilize the pH levels. Proper TA levels contribute significantly to the overall health and comfort of your pool.

TA as pH Stabilizer:

TA acts as a crucial stabilizer for pH levels. Think of it as a safety net for your pool’s pH. When TA is within the recommended range (typically 80 to 120 parts per million or ppm), it helps prevent rapid and drastic fluctuations in pH. When external factors, such as rainwater, swimmer activities, or chemical additions, threaten to push the pH levels in one direction or another, TA steps in to moderate these changes.

This stabilizing effect not only enhances the swimming experience but also safeguards your pool’s infrastructure.

Water Clarity and Swimmer Comfort:

1. Water Clarity: Maintaining the right TA level is key to achieving sparkling, clear pool water. When TA is within the recommended range, it assists in preventing the water from becoming cloudy or developing scale deposits on pool surfaces. This contributes to the visual appeal of your pool, making it more inviting to swimmers.
2. Swimmer Comfort: Proper TA levels also play a vital role in enhancing swimmer comfort. When TA is in balance, the water feels more comfortable, with reduced eye and skin irritation. Swimmers can enjoy longer, more enjoyable swims without the discomfort associated with imbalanced TA levels.

Factors Affecting TA:

Several factors can influence the TA levels in your pool:

• Chemical Additions: The use of pool chemicals, such as pH increasers or decreasers, can impact TA levels. Adjustments may be necessary after chemical treatments to maintain the ideal range.
• Bather Load: The number of swimmers and their activities can introduce contaminants into the water, affecting TA levels. Proper pool sanitation and filtration are essential to counteract these effects.
• Water Source: The source of your pool water may have different levels of TA. When initially filling your pool, it’s essential to test TA and make any necessary adjustments.

Testing and Adjustment:

Regular testing of TA is crucial to maintaining a balanced pool environment. A reliable pool testing kit, as previously mentioned, should be used to measure TA levels. If TA falls outside the recommended range, adjustments may be necessary.

• Increasing TA: To raise TA levels, you can add sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to the pool. It’s essential to follow the manufacturer’s instructions and make gradual adjustments to avoid overcorrection.
• Decreasing TA: If TA is too high, dilution with fresh water is the most effective way to lower it. Be cautious with acid additions, as they can impact both TA and pH.

1.4. Calcium Hardness

In swimming pool water chemistry, calcium hardness takes on the crucial role of safeguarding both the pool’s surfaces and its equipment. In this section, we will explore the significance of calcium hardness, its impact on water quality, and how to maintain the right balance, particularly in the context of above ground swimming pools.

Understanding Calcium Hardness:

Calcium hardness refers to the concentration of calcium ions present in your pool water. These ions serve as a protective shield, preventing the water from becoming corrosive or scaling. Achieving and maintaining the appropriate calcium hardness level is vital for preserving the integrity of your pool and its components.

Preventing Corrosion and Scaling:

1. Corrosion Prevention: In pool water that is too soft (low calcium hardness), the water becomes aggressive and seeks to balance itself by leaching calcium from pool surfaces and equipment. This process, known as corrosion, can lead to the deterioration of metal components, such as ladders and pumps, as well as damage to plaster or vinyl pool liners.
2. Scaling Prevention: Conversely, water with excessive calcium hardness can become saturated with calcium. This can result in the formation of scale deposits on pool surfaces, plumbing, and equipment. Scale deposits not only hinder pool performance but also create an unsightly appearance.

Maintaining the Right Balance:

Achieving the appropriate calcium hardness level requires a delicate balance:

• Low Calcium Hardness: To raise calcium hardness levels, calcium chloride can be added to the pool water. It’s essential to follow manufacturer instructions and make gradual adjustments to avoid overcorrection.
• High Calcium Hardness: Dilution with fresh water is the most effective way to lower calcium hardness levels if they are too high. Reducing evaporation and topping off the pool with soft water can help manage high calcium levels.

Regular Testing and Adjustment:

Testing for calcium hardness should be part of your routine pool maintenance. Reliable pool testing kits, previously mentioned, can provide accurate measurements.

The ideal calcium hardness level for your pool may vary depending on factors such as pool surface material (e.g., concrete, fiberglass, vinyl), so it’s important to consult your pool manufacturer or a trusted resource for specific recommendations.

II. The Art of Water Testing

Now that we’ve established the key principles of water chemistry, let’s explore the art of water testing, an integral aspect of pool maintenance.

2.1. Testing Frequency

In swimming pool maintenance, where water quality is paramount, the frequency of testing your pool water can make the difference between a sparkling oasis and a murky quagmire. This section will expound upon the critical importance of regular testing and the optimal testing frequency, particularly in the context of above ground swimming pools.

Why Testing Frequency Matters:

Regular testing is the linchpin of effective pool maintenance for several compelling reasons:

1. Dynamic Water Environment: Swimming pool water is a dynamic environment subject to constant change. Factors such as sunlight exposure, bather load, weather conditions, and chemical additions can all impact water quality. Frequent testing allows you to respond promptly to these changes.
2. Water Balance: Maintaining the delicate balance of pH, chlorine levels, total alkalinity, and calcium hardness requires vigilance. Frequent testing ensures that your pool water remains within the recommended parameters, contributing to swimmer comfort, equipment longevity, and water clarity.
3. Early Detection: Regular testing allows for the early detection of potential issues. By identifying imbalances or irregularities in water chemistry, you can take corrective actions before they escalate into more significant problems, potentially saving time and money.

Recommended Testing Frequency:

The experts in the field of swimming pool maintenance overwhelmingly advocate for a testing frequency of at least two to three times a week, especially during the swimming season. Here’s a breakdown of why this frequency is considered optimal:

• Swimming Season Intensity: During the swimming season, your pool experiences the highest usage and is subject to the most environmental factors that can affect water quality. Frequent testing ensures that any deviations from the ideal parameters are swiftly addressed, providing swimmers with the best possible experience.
• Chemical Adjustments: The addition of chemicals, such as chlorine or pH adjusters, can alter water chemistry. Frequent testing helps you fine-tune these adjustments to maintain the desired levels.
• Weather Variability: Changes in weather, such as rain or temperature fluctuations, can influence water balance. Frequent testing allows you to adapt to these changes, ensuring that your pool remains in optimal condition.

Testing Kit Selection:

Investing in a reliable and accurate pool water testing kit is fundamental. Selecting a kit from a reputable manufacturer or supplier ensures that your test results are dependable and that you can make informed decisions about water chemistry adjustments.

Testing Procedure:

When conducting tests, it’s essential to follow the manufacturer’s instructions meticulously. Taking proper water samples, using clean equipment, and ensuring the water is at the correct temperature are all critical factors in obtaining accurate results.

2.2. Testing Kits

The value of accurate and reliable testing kits cannot be overstated. These kits are the primary tools that empower pool owners and operators to monitor and maintain water quality effectively. In this section, we’ll delve into the paramount importance of investing in a dependable water testing kit, especially in the context of above ground swimming pools.

The Significance of Testing Kits:

Water testing kits are the eyes and ears of your swimming pool. They provide you with vital information about your pool water’s chemical composition, allowing you to make informed decisions and take precise actions to maintain water quality. Here’s why investing in a reliable testing kit is paramount:

1. Precision and Accuracy: High-quality testing kits are designed to deliver accurate and precise results. They can detect even minor fluctuations in pH, chlorine levels, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, and other essential parameters, ensuring that your pool remains in optimal condition.
2. Timely Detection: Testing kits enable you to detect issues early. Whether it’s a drop in chlorine levels or an unexpected pH shift, timely detection can help you address problems before they escalate into more significant and costly issues.
3. Preventative Maintenance: By regularly using testing kits, you can practice preventative maintenance. You’ll be able to proactively adjust chemical levels, preventing potential water quality problems and preserving the longevity of your pool and equipment.

Types of Testing Kits:

There are various types of testing kits available, catering to different needs and preferences:

• Test Strips: Test strips are convenient and user-friendly. They involve dipping a strip into the pool water and comparing the color changes to a provided chart. While easy to use, they may have limited accuracy compared to liquid or digital kits.
• Liquid Testing Kits: Liquid kits typically involve adding reagents drop by drop to a water sample and observing color changes. They tend to provide more precise results but may require more steps and careful handling.
• Digital Testing Kits: Digital kits are user-friendly and offer precise readings. They often come with digital displays that directly indicate the test results, making them easy to interpret. However, they tend to be more expensive than other types.

Choosing the Right Kit:

Selecting the right testing kit depends on your specific needs and preferences. Factors to consider include:

• Accuracy: Ensure the kit you choose provides accurate results within an acceptable margin of error.
• Ease of Use: Consider how comfortable you are with the testing method. Some users find test strips more convenient, while others prefer the precision of liquid or digital kits.
• Frequency of Use: If you plan to test your pool water frequently, investing in a more durable and reliable kit may be justified.
• Budget: Balance your budget with your requirements. While digital kits may be more expensive upfront, they can offer long-term cost savings by preventing chemical overdosing or pool problems.

2.3. Proper Testing Technique

In the meticulous world of swimming pool maintenance, precision is paramount. To ensure your pool water remains crystal clear and safe for swimmers, you must master the art of proper testing technique. This section elucidates why precision matters, the importance of adhering to testing kit instructions, and how these principles apply to the context of above ground swimming pools.

The Significance of Precision:

Precision in testing pool water is akin to a scientist’s precision in conducting experiments. It ensures that you obtain accurate and reliable results, which, in turn, inform your decisions on pool water chemistry adjustments. Here’s why precision is crucial:

1. Chemical Balancing: Proper water chemistry maintenance hinges on accurate measurements of parameters like pH, chlorine levels, total alkalinity, and calcium hardness. Precise results enable you to make the right chemical adjustments, promoting swimmer comfort and preserving pool infrastructure.
2. Timely Detection: Precise testing helps you detect issues early. Minor deviations from optimal water parameters can be addressed promptly, preventing them from escalating into more significant problems that could disrupt your pool’s operation.
3. Cost Savings: By avoiding overuse or underuse of chemicals, you save money in the long run. Accurate testing ensures that you only add what’s necessary to maintain water quality, preventing unnecessary chemical expenditures.

The Importance of Following Instructions:

Testing kits come with detailed instructions provided by the manufacturer. These instructions are not mere suggestions; they are essential guidelines for obtaining accurate results. Here’s why following them is crucial:

1. Standardization: Testing kit manufacturers have established specific procedures to ensure standardized testing. Deviating from these instructions may yield inaccurate or inconsistent results, making it difficult to track changes in your pool’s water chemistry.
2. Safety: In some cases, testing chemicals may be caustic or hazardous. Following the instructions ensures safe handling and minimizes the risk of accidents or chemical exposure.
3. Equipment Maintenance: Proper technique also extends to the maintenance of testing equipment. Rinse and clean testing vials, tubes, or probes as directed to prevent cross-contamination or residue buildup that can affect results.

Proper Testing Technique for Above Ground Swimming Pools:

While the specific steps may vary depending on the type of testing kit you use, here are some general guidelines for proper testing technique in the context of above ground swimming pools:

1. Gather Supplies: Ensure you have your testing kit, clean sample containers, and any additional materials needed (e.g., test reagents, droppers).
2. Sample Collection: Collect a water sample from the pool at the appropriate depth. Take care to avoid contamination or introducing air bubbles into the sample.
3. Chemical Additions: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions precisely when adding reagents or test solutions. Use the correct number of drops or tablets and mix them according to the specified time and method.
4. Observation: Observe the color changes or readings as indicated in the instructions. Ensure proper lighting conditions, as this can affect color interpretation.
5. Record Results: Record the test results accurately and promptly. Note the date and time for reference.
6. Cleaning and Storage: Clean all testing equipment as directed by the manufacturer and store them properly to prevent contamination or damage.

III. Water Chemistry Adjustment

Once you’ve conducted your tests, it’s time to adjust your pool’s chemistry to maintain the ideal parameters. The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has guidelines for Swimming Pool Chemical Safety. If you are unsure about handling pool chemicals, please refer to the CDC guidelines.

3.1. pH Adjustment

To keep the pH level within the recommended range, you may need to adjust it using pH increasers or decreasers:

1. pH Increasers: These products are used when the pool water is too acidic (pH below 7.2). Common pH increasers include sodium carbonate (soda ash) and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). These substances raise the pH level and help achieve a more balanced environment.
2. pH Decreasers: When the pool water is too alkaline (pH above 7.8), pH decreasers are used to lower the pH level. Common options include muriatic acid or sodium bisulfate. They effectively reduce pH and restore balance to the water.

Applying pH Adjustment:

Here’s a simplified step-by-step process for applying pH adjustment to your swimming pool:

1. Test pH: Use your reliable pool testing kit to measure the current pH level of the pool water.
2. Determine Adjustment: Based on the test results, identify whether the pH needs to be increased or decreased.
3. Calculate Dosage: Consult the instructions on your chosen pH adjustment product to calculate the appropriate dosage. Be precise in your measurements.
4. Add the Adjustment Product: Slowly add the pH increaser or decreaser to the pool water. Ensure even distribution by pouring it in front of a pool return jet to help disperse it throughout the pool.
5. Wait and Re-Test: Allow the adjustment product to circulate for several hours. Re-test the pH level to confirm that it has reached the desired range.
6. Repeat as Needed: If necessary, repeat the process until the pH falls within the recommended range.

3.2. Chlorine Management

Chlorine is the workhorse of pool water sanitation. Its primary function is to eliminate harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and algae, that can thrive in pool water. Achieving and maintaining the right chlorine levels is essential for pool safety and water quality.

Chlorine Application Methods:

1. Chlorine Tablets: Chlorine tablets, often known as pool chlorine pucks or tablets, are a popular and convenient choice for many pool owners. These tablets slowly dissolve in a pool’s skimmer, floater, or automatic feeder, providing a steady release of chlorine. Pros and cons include:
   • Pros: Convenience, slow release, and ease of use. Tablets are readily available and require less frequent application.
   • Cons: Tablets may contribute to stabilizer (cyanuric acid) buildup over time, which can affect chlorine’s effectiveness. Additionally, tablets may cause localized chlorine concentration if not evenly distributed.
2. Liquid Chlorine: Liquid chlorine, typically sodium hypochlorite, is another option for maintaining chlorine levels. It is poured directly into the pool water. Pros and cons include:
   • Pros: Immediate impact on chlorine levels, no stabilizer buildup, and no residue. It’s easy to control the dosage.
   • Cons: Requires more frequent application compared to tablets. Storage and handling may require caution due to its corrosive nature.
3. Salt Chlorinators: Salt chlorinators are increasingly popular, especially for those seeking a more gentle and automated chlorine management system. These systems use a salt cell to convert salt into chlorine. Pros and cons include:
   • Pros: Continuous chlorine production, minimal manual chlorination required, and a milder swimming experience with reduced chlorine odor and irritation.
   • Cons: Initial installation costs and periodic cell replacement can be expensive. Maintenance is necessary to keep the cell clean and functional.

Selecting the Right Method:

The choice of chlorine management method depends on various factors:

• Budget: Consider the initial costs, ongoing expenses, and maintenance requirements associated with each method.
• Swimmer Comfort: Some pool owners prefer the milder swimming experience provided by salt chlorinators, while others are comfortable with traditional chlorine methods.
• Convenience: Evaluate the convenience of each method in terms of application frequency and monitoring.
• Water Quality Goals: Consider your water quality goals and any specific challenges your pool may face, such as high bather load or sunlight exposure.

3.3. Alkalinity and Calcium Adjustment

To fine-tune alkalinity and calcium hardness in your pool water, you can utilize various resources:

1. Alkalinity Adjustment:
   • Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda): Baking soda is a common resource used to raise total alkalinity. It’s added to the pool water in appropriate amounts as recommended by a pool professional or calculated based on your pool’s size.
   • Muriatic Acid: If your TA is too high, muriatic acid can be used to lower it. It’s essential to add it slowly and carefully while monitoring the TA level.
   • Aeration: In some cases, simply allowing the pool water to aerate can help lower alkalinity levels naturally over time.
2. Calcium Hardness Adjustment:
   • Calcium Chloride: Calcium chloride is commonly used to increase calcium hardness in pool water. The amount needed depends on your pool’s current calcium hardness level and size.
   • Dilution: If your calcium hardness is too high, you may need to partially drain and refill your pool with fresh water to dilute the calcium concentration.

Conclusion

Mastering water chemistry and testing in above ground swimming pools is a multifaceted endeavor that requires meticulous attention to detail. By following the guidance provided by trustworthy sources and conducting regular testing and adjustments, you can enjoy a clean, safe, and inviting pool throughout the swimming season.